DefiningImageAccess/Standard/FRBR
From ImageWeb
| DefiningImageAccess/Standard/FRBR | |
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| Link:=http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm}} | |
| Status:=Completed}} | |
| JISCProject:=False}} | |
| Focus:=Bibliographic Metadata}} | |
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| [[PublishedBy::{{{PublishedBy}}}]]}} | |
| [[UsedBy::{{{UsedBy}}}]]}} | |
| [[DescribedBy::{{{DescribedBy}}}]]}} | |
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| Defining Image Access | DefiningImageAccess/RelatedWork |
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
This often cited document is a hefty (144-page) report from the IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records". (IFLA is International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.)
Published in 1998, based on deliberations over several years to 1997, this report came into being just as the World Wide Web was starting to be widely recognized as a public information service, but before many of the widespread deployment of web services and commerce that we now take for granted. For context, amazon.com started trading as an online bookstore in 1995.
"The study has two primary objectives. The first is to provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of those records. The second objective is to recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies."
"For the purposes of this study a bibliographic record is defined as the aggregate of data that are associated with entities described in library catalogues and national bibliographies." It considers bibliographic record with respect to the following purposes that they may serve: finding materials, identifying (or confirming the identity of) entities, selecting an entity approprite for some need, and obtaining access to an entity.
A number of key entities associated with bibliographic records are described and related in some considerable detail:
- Aspects of intellectual or artistic endeavour:
- work (a distinct intellectual or artistic creation)
- expression (the intellectual or artistic realization of a work)
- manifestation (the physical embodiment of an expression of a work)
- item (a single exemplar of a manifestation)
- Agents:
- person (an individual)
- corporate body (an organization or group of individuals and/or organizations)
- Subjects of works:
- concept (an abstract notion or idea)
- object (a material thing)
- event (an action or occurrence)
- place (a location)
Also described are attributes of entities:
- Attributes of a work:
- title of the work
- form of work
- date of the work
- other distinguishing characteristic
- intended termination
- intended audience
- context for the work
- medium of performance (musical work)
- numeric designation (musical work)
- key (musical work)
- coordinates (cartographic work)
- equinox (cartographic work)
- attributes of an expression:
- title of the expression
- form of expression
- date of expression
- language of expression
- other distinguishing characteristic
- extensibility of expression
- revisability of expression
- extent of the expression
- summarization of content
- context for the expression
- critical response to the expression
- use restrictions on the expression
- sequencing pattern (serial)
- expected regularity of issue (serial)
- expected frequency of issue (serial)
- type of score (musical notation)
- medium of performance (musical notation or recorded sound)
- scale (cartographic image/object)
- projection (cartographic image/object)
- presentation technique (cartographic image/object)
- representation of relief (cartographic image/object)
- geodetic, grid, and vertical measurement (cartographic image/object)
- recording technique (remote sensing image)
- special characteristic (remote sensing image)
- technique (graphic or projected image)
- attributes of a manifestation:
- title of the manifestation
- statement of responsibility
- edition/issue designation
- place of publication/distribution
- publisher/distributor
- date of publication/distribution
- fabricator/manufacturer
- series statement
- form of carrier
- extent of the carrier
- physical medium
- capture mode
- dimensions of the carrier
- manifestation identifier
- source for acquisition/access authorization
- terms of availability
- access restrictions on the manifestation
- typeface (printed book)
- type size (printed book)
- foliation (hand-printed book)
- collation (hand-printed book)
- publication status (serial)
- numbering (serial)
- playing speed (sound recording)
- groove width (sound recording)
- kind of cutting (sound recording)
- tape configuration (sound recording)
- kind of sound (sound recording)
- special reproduction characteristic (sound recording)
- colour (image)
- reduction ratio (microform)
- polarity (microform or visual projection)
- generation (microform or visual projection)
- presentation format (visual projection)
- system requirements (electronic resource)
- file characteristics (electronic resource)
- mode of access (remote access electronic resource)
- access address (remote access electronic resource)
... and so on.
Some of the detailed analysis here seems to be hopelessly bogged down in obsolete technologies and historic media (33rpm records, anyone?). (Of course these attributes are important when dealing with the appropriate media, but surely they have no place in a set of generic functional requirements? What about the bit encoding rate of my MP3 file? That's surely at least as relevant, but I don't see that anywhere.)
The requirements go on to talk about relationships between entities
- Work-to-work: Successor, Supplement, Complement, Summarization, Adaptation, Transformation, Imitation
- Whole-part: part-of
- Expression-to-expression: Abridgement, Revision, Translation, Arrangement, Successor, Supplement, Complement, Summarization, Adaptation, Transformation, Imitation
- Expression-to-Work: (5.5.3 ...)
- Manifestation-to-Manifestation: (5.3.4 ...)
- Manifestation-to-Item: (5.3.5 ...)
- Item-to-Item: (5.3.6 ...)
The study shows how the various entities and relations are involved with a range of user tasks, and to enumerate some basic requirements for bibliographic organized by the kind of task a user might wish to perform. Again, some of the analysis seems to be over-concentrated on media specifics.
